In 2020, the scope of disappointments has expanded to include massive shifts in schooling, cancelled camps, disrupted sports and extracurricular activities, and health worries. No wonder everyone’s nerves are frayed.

When kids’ hopes are dashed, parents are crestfallen, too. After all, nobody wants to see their child suffer. How can parents help kids navigate a world that isn’t always fun, or fair? Read on for age-by-age guidance on helping kids bounce back from disappointment and failure.

TODDLER/PRESCHOOL AGE 2-6:  Protective Measures

Though it’s instinctive to want to protect young children from the sadness that accompanies disappointment, this tactic can backfire. “Many well-intentioned parents structure their child’s environment to try to avoid allowing the child to feel any disappointment,” says parenting coach Stephanie T. Jones, M.S., chair of the North Carolina Parenting Education Network. While parents’ motivations are positive—they generally want to help a child avoid negative emotions and be more successful—shielding kids from uncomfortable feelings can prevent them from the developing emotional resilience required for success in preschool and beyond.

Protecting kids from all disappointment or failure can be crippling to preschoolers, says George S. Everly Jr. Ph.D., affiliate professor of psychology at Loyola University Maryland and author of The Resilient Child: Seven Essential Lessons for Your Child's Happiness and Success. Instead of giving in to a child’s unreasonable demand simply to keep the peace, acknowledge and name his emotion—“I know you’re angry that you can’t have that cookie before dinner, but you’ll have to wait”—to validate his feelings without stifling emotional growth.

SCHOOL-AGE 7-12: Future Focus

Notoriously emotional, tweens tend to exaggerate even small setbacks. But parents shouldn’t dismiss seemingly insignificant emotional upsets; a minor issue like a missed video chat with a teacher or a poor grade can seem like a mountainous problem to a school-age child. Resist the temptation to use a disappointing situation to prove a point, says Jones. At the height of a child’s emotional distress, voicing that he might have avoided the bad grade by studying harder makes the problem immediately worse. Instead, listen without replying or swooping in to solve the problem, advises Jones. Sometimes, all your child wants is your ear.

“When failures occur, it’s important to keep a future orientation,” notes Everly. “Ask the child what he or she learned from the failure that will help promote success in the future.” Encourage positive, future-focused thinking about what your child might do differently next time. To help build confidence to try again, adopt the mantra "Anything worth having is worth failing for!"

TEEN YEARS 13-18: Confidence in crisis

With jobs, college admissions, sports success, and romantic relationships all on the line, disappointments loom large for teens. After a setback, help your disappointed teen cope by focusing on her disappointment, instead of on your own feelings. “It’s critical for parents to pause and reflect on their own emotional response to their teen’s disappointments and failures,” says Jones. Some parents are over-involved in their teen’s success and take a child’s failures personally—which can lead to regrettable reactions instead of constructive help.

Teens who cope with disappointment well are those with “an inner confidence,” says Everly. Parents should play a supporting role, allowing teens to solve problems independently and stepping in as a coach or cheerleader only when needed. Teens with strong self-efficacy—belief in their own ability to handle life’s problems—are better equipped to deal with the emotional roller coaster ride of the teenage years. And resilient kids of all ages are well-prepped for the future, whatever it holds.

Malia Jacobson is a nationally published parenting journalist. Her most recent book is Sleep Tight, Every Night: Helping Toddlers and Preschoolers Sleep Well Without Tears, Tricks, or Tirades.